如何计算专利侵权赔偿
All Computer公司是一家计算机零件制造商，该公司提起专利侵权诉讼，要求英特尔公司赔偿5亿美元。美国佛罗里达州迈阿密滩的ConnecTel LLC公司向得克萨斯州马歇尔的美国地区法院提交了诉状，指控思科侵权使用了该公司的4项“智能路由系统”技术专利，并要求获得损害赔偿。公司的代理律师表示，潜在的侵权赔偿即使没有数十亿美元，也高达数亿美元。 国外的专利侵权赔偿过亿美元听说的不少，国内也有专利侵权案件赔偿要求过亿人民币的。这就引起了大家感兴趣，在我国专利侵权如何计算赔偿数额？专利侵权赔偿的计算方式和商标侵权赔偿的计算方式（本人已经发表了《如何计算商标侵权赔偿》一文）非常相似，大家要记住两者的差异就行。
一、赔偿的计算方式有四种
《专利法》第六十条规定：“侵犯专利权的赔偿数额，按照权利人因被侵权所受到的损失或者侵权人因侵权所获得的利益确定；被侵权人的损失或者侵权人获得的利益难以确定的，参照该专利许可使用费的倍数合理确定。”该条规定了专利侵权赔偿的三种计算方式：1、被侵权人因侵权受到的损失，2、侵权人因侵权获得的收益，3、按照专利许可费的倍数确定。
《最高人民法院关于审理专利纠纷案件适用法律问题的若干规定》（下称高院规定）第二十一条：“被侵权人的损失或者侵权人获得的利益难以确定……没有专利许可使用费可以参照或者专利许可使用费明显不合理的，人民法院可以根据专利权的类别、侵权人侵权的性质和情节等因素，一般在人民币5000元以上30万元以下确定赔偿数额，最多不得超过人民币50万元。”这条规定了第4种计算方式，即法定赔偿。
专利侵权赔偿和商标侵权赔偿不同的是多了一种计算方式：按照专利许可费的倍数来计算。
高院规定第二十条：“人民法院依照专利法第五十七条第一款的规定追究侵权人的赔偿责任时，可以根据权利人的请求，按照权利人因被侵权所受到的损失或者侵权人因侵权所获得的利益确定赔偿数额。”同商标侵权赔偿一样，专利被侵权人可以选择第一种或者第二种方式来计算侵权赔偿。在第一、第二种方式不能计算的情况下，可以选择适用第三种计算方式，如果第三种计算方式仍不能适用的话，那么再选择第四种计算方式，所以这四种计算方式是有前后适用顺序的。
二、第一种计算方式（侵权人因侵权获得的利益）的适用
高院规定第二十条第三款：“侵权人因侵权所获得的利益可以根据该侵权产品在市场上销售的总数乘以每件侵权产品的合理利润所得之积计算。侵权人因侵权所获得的利益一般按照侵权人的营业利润计算，对于完全以侵权为业的侵权人，可以按照销售利润计算。”
这个规定和商标差不多，计算方式比商标要明确一些，而且还多了一种依据，如果侵权人以侵权为业的，按照销售利润计算，在会计制度上营业利润和销售利润是不一样的，销售利润应该是大于营业利润的，而且销售利润也比营业利润好计算一些，这样的规定给被侵权人提供了计算的便利。
三、第二种计算方式（被侵权人因为侵权而受到的损失）的适用
高院规定第二十条第二款：“权利人因被侵权所受到的损失可以根据专利权人的专利产品因侵权所造成销售量减少的总数乘以每件专利产品的合理利润所得之积计算。权利人销售量减少的总数难以确定的，侵权产品在市场上销售的总数乘以每件专利产品的合理利润所得之积可以视为权利人因被侵权所受到的损失。”
专利被侵权人因为侵权而受到的损失同商标侵权一样一般来讲也是很难计算的，但是专利的规定比商标的规定具有可计算性，以侵权人的销售数量乘以专利权人每件专利产品的合理利润显然比较好计算，并且也大大减小了专利权人的举证难度，只有找到侵权人的销售数量就可以了，不必象商标那样还有找到依据计算单个侵权产品的利润，也排除了侵权人的销售并没有下降，而损失无法计算的情形。
四、第三种计算方式（按照专利许可费的倍数确定）的适用
高院规定第二十一条：“被侵权人的损失或者侵权人获得的利益难以确定，有专利许可使用费可以参照的，人民法院可以根据专利权的类别、侵权人侵权的性质和情节、专利许可使用费的数额、该专利许可的性质、范围、时间等因素，参照该专利许可使用费的1至3倍合理确定赔偿数额。”
参照许可费，在对于商标的规定中是放到法定赔偿里面的，但是在实务操作中，法院也会单独作为一种计算方式来计算。参照许可费，专利和商标最大的不同是商标只按许可费来直接计算，而专利带有一定的惩罚性，可以按照三倍以下进行赔偿，象美国的专利侵权赔偿可以给予3倍的惩罚。在我国知识产权侵权赔偿一般采取填平原则，即损失多少赔偿多少，没有惩罚性的赔偿，只有在著作权侵权赔偿中可以按照稿费的2－5倍来计算赔偿额，另外就专利侵权赔偿在适用许可费来计算侵权赔偿时可以带有一些惩罚性。
五、第四种计算方式（法定赔偿）的适用
高院规定第二十一条：“被侵权人的损失或者侵权人获得的利益难以确定……没有专利许可使用费可以参照或者专利许可使用费明显不合理的，人民法院可以根据专利权的类别、侵权人侵权的性质和情节等因素，一般在人民币5000元以上30万元以下确定赔偿数额，最多不得超过人民币50万元。”
有关专利侵权的法定赔偿其实和商标也比较接近，只是专利规定了保底数字，显然比商标的相关规定要科学，专利最低的法定赔偿数为5000元，而商标并没有最低数的要求，还有一个区别，专利一般最高为30万元，对于50万元的是不得超过，规定比较强硬。法官自由裁量考虑的因素，也差不多，都是根据侵权的性质和情节等来判断。
六、关于合理的开支
高院规定第二十二条：“人民法院根据权利人的请求以及具体案情，可以将权利人因调查、制止侵权所支付的合理费用计算在赔偿数额范围之内。”这个规定和商标相似，但是商标侵权赔偿规定明确指出了律师费用是可以作为合理开支的。在实务操作中，律师也会将律师费和调查取证的费用一起计算到合理的费用中去。
七、连续侵权的赔偿计算问题
高院规定第二十三条：“侵犯专利权的诉讼时效为二年，自专利权人或者利害关系人知道或者应当知道侵权行为之日起计算。权利人超过二年起诉的，如果侵权行为在起诉时仍在继续，在该项专利权有效期内，人民法院应当判决被告停止侵权行为，侵权损害赔偿数额应当自权利人向人民法院起诉之日起向前推算二年计算。”我们可以看到这个规定和商标的相关规定几乎是一样的，所以如果知道有人在侵权最好是在两年内就起诉，免得过了诉讼时效的部门不能追究了。
最后，我们还是可以总结一下，给大家一个和商标侵权赔偿一样的简单公式套用，作为普通的被侵权人可以以此粗略计算赔偿数额：
侵权赔偿＝侵权产品数量（起诉日往前两年以上的除外）×单个利润＋调查取证的花费＋律师费
※：这个公式是不科学的，具体计算还是请律师帮助。
国务院批转国家出版局关于发布加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定的报告的通知(附英文)
国务院
国务院批转国家出版局关于发布加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定的报告的通知(附英文)
1981年10月12日，国务院
通知
现将国家出版局《关于发布加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定的报告》和《加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定》转发给你们，请参照执行．
国家出版局关于发布加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定的报告
一九七九年以来，我国部分出版社开始同国外出版公司合作出版书刊．去年六月，国务院和中央宣传部批准国家出版局《关于加强同国外合作出版的报告》以后，对外合作出版业务有了新的发展．
目前，我国已有四十多家出版社同日本、南斯拉夫、美国、英国、法国、西德、意大利、瑞士、澳大利亚、新加坡等十二个国家和港澳地区的七十多家出版公司，签订了一百二十多项合同，计划合作出版书刊四百余种，主要形式是由我国出版社负责编辑，由外国出版社负责印刷发行．
书稿内容涉及中外语文工具书、教科书、科学技术、农业、医药、体育、美术、文物、旅游、烹调、轻工、建筑等方面．其中已经出版发行的书刊有二十余种．这批书刊，思想内容健康，表现形式活泼，装帧设计新颖，受到国外读者欢迎．
为了总结交流经验，加强对外合作出版工作的领导与管理，我们于一九八一年五月在成都召开了全国对外合作出版工作座谈会．
会议指出，两年来对外合作出版的发展和取得的成绩证明：开展对外合作出版，可以利用国外出版公司的印刷出版条件和发行渠道，在全世界出版发行我们编写的书刊，加强对外宣传和文化交流，扩大我国的影响；同时可以保护我国部分作品的版权和为国家增加外汇收入；也可以吸取
国外先进的出版、印刷、摄影技术和编辑工作经验，改进我国的出版工作．
会议认为，鉴于我们还缺乏经验，对外合作出版目前应当采取稳步前进的方针．各个出版社要统筹兼顾、全面规划，在为国内多出书、出好书的条件下，按照自己的出书方针与范围，逐步地开展对外合作出版工作．
为了适应对外合作出版的需要，会议要求有合作出版任务的出版社要注意选拔、培养熟悉出版业务的外语干部，在今后三、五年内，每个出版社应当配备三、五名外语干部，大的出版社还应多一些．
会议讨论并制订了《加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定》，现送上，请一并审批．如认为可行，望批转全国执行．
加强对外合作出版管理的暂行规定
为了加强对外合作出版工作的领导和管理，特制订本规定．
一、对外合作出版，必须符合我国的外交政策和对外方针，有利于加强对外宣传和文化交流；不得有损于我主权和国家利益；并严格遵守国家有关保密的规定．
二、对外合作出版，应注意了解国际图书市场的情况，维护我国作者和出版者的权益，在平等互利的基础上，在经济上有所收益．
三、确定对外合作项目，要根据自己的条件与特点，符合本社的出书方针和出书范围．
四、对外合作出版项目，应经双方充分协商确定．合作书刊的编辑方针、书稿内容以及最后定稿，均须经我方同意．凡经我方审定的书稿，未经我方同意，对方不得擅自增删或作其他改动．合作出版介绍我国情况的摄影画册或其他书刊中选用的照片，一般应由我方提供，不宜采取由对方派人拍摄或双方合拍的方式．
五、合作出版供我国读者使用的外国编辑的书稿，应是我国所急需的，必要时应根据我国的情况对其内容进行增删或改编，在经济上尽量做到不用外汇支付对方应得的收益．
六、对外合作出版，只能由国家正式批准的出版社进行．任何非出版单位和个人，均不得同国外进行合作出版．未经原出版社同意，任何出版社不得同国外合作出版其他出版社出版的书刊．出版社拟同国外合作出版的书稿，应事先征得原作者或原编辑单位的同意．
七、出版社可以直接对外洽谈合作出版业务，也可以委托国家 批准的经营对外合作出版业务的专业公司或国外可靠的代理商进行．
八、同我进行合作出版的单位，应是对我友好并有可靠的信誉和资金，不要同情况不明的外商签订合同．
九、为了明确双方的权利和义务，每个合作项目都应签订有一定时限的合同．对于版权所有，一方转让或准许另一方使用的出版发行权和其他权利，支付报酬的数量、方式和时间，均应在合同中逐项加以规定．凡我方提供的书稿或图片，未经我方同意，对方不得转让版权，不得扩大使用权，不得扩大发行区域．
十、确定对外合作出版项目，应分别不同情况履行审批手续：
凡国内已公开出版的出版物，中央一级出版社由出版社自行决定，报上级主管部门备案，地方出版社报省、市、自治区出版局审批；
凡国内尚未出版的出版物，中央一级出版社报上级主管部门审批，地方出版社报省、市、自治区人民政府审批．内容涉及到全国的大型丛书，应事先征得国家出版局的同意；
凡涉及党和国家重大方针和外交政策的书稿，党和国家领导人的著作或传记，须经国家出版局会签后，报国务院或中央审批；
重要文物和其他珍品的摄影和使用，涉及国界线的地图的出版，应严格按照国家有关规定办理．
所有对外合作出版的送审报告、中外文合同（或协议书）、样本，均应报国家出版局备案．
十一、对于开展对外合作出版所必需的业务人员同国外的往来，主管部门应简化审批手续，提供方便，以利于合同的顺利执行．
十二、合作出版书刊，应按国内现行稿酬制度，分别情况向作者支付报酬；
首次出版的书稿，可按略高于国内稿酬标准支付报酬；
使用国内已出版过的书稿，亦可支付适当的报酬，一般不超过原基本稿酬的百分之六十；
使用外国人的作品，可按略高于国内作者稿酬支付．
上述报酬，均以人民币支付，个别确属特别情况必须支付外汇者，经上级主管部门批准后，在本单位所得外汇中支付．
十三、在对外合作出版工作中，各出版社之间要发扬社会主义协作风格，注意互通情报，对外协调一致，遇有分歧和矛盾，应内部协商或报上级机关协调解决．
十四、在对外交往中，要严格遵守外事纪律，维护民族尊严和国家声誉．
INTERIM PROVISIONS FOR STRENGTHENING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLI-CATION IN CO-OPERATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM PROVISIONS FOR STRENGTHENING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLI-
CATION IN CO-OPERATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
(Approved and promulgated by the State Council on Oct. 12, 1981)
These Provisions are formulated for the purpose of strengthening the
leadership over, and administration of, the work of publication in co-
operation with foreign countries.
1. Publication in co-operation with foreign countries shall conform to
China's foreign policy and principle and facilitate the strengthening of
China's publicity in and cultural exchanges with, foreign countries, shall
do no harm to China's sovereignty and national interests and shall be
strictly governed by the State provisions concerning the maintenance of
secrets.
2. In co-operation with foreign countries in publication, it is imperative
to study the situation of the international book market, safeguard the
rights and interests of China's authors and publishers and, on the basis
of equality and mutual benefits, achieve reasonable economic returns.
3. A publishing house shall determine its projects of co-operation with
foreign countries in the light of its own conditions and characteristics
and in conformity with its own publishing principle and scope of
publication.
4. Projects of publication in co-operation with foreign countries shall be
determined through full consultation between the two parties thereto. The
editing principle, the contents of the manuscript and the finalized
version thereof with respect to a book or journal to be jointly published
shall all be subject to the consent of the Chinese party. Without the
consent of the Chinese party, no part of the contents of a manuscript that
has been examined and finalized by the Chinese party may be supplemented,
deleted or otherwise altered by the other party. Pictures selected for use
in picture-albums or other books or journals to be jointly published for
the purpose of giving information about China shall in general be provided
by the Chinese party and it is unadvisable to have them taken by the other
party or jointly taken by both parties.
5. Manuscripts edited by a foreign country to be jointly published for use
by Chinese readers shall be those of which China is in urgent need and
shall, when necessary, be duly supplemented, deleted or re-edited in
accordance with the actual situation in China. Financially, every possible
means shall be tried to avoid making payment in foreign exchange for the
economic returns that the other party shall be entitled to.
6. Publication in co-operation with foreign countries shall only be
undertaken by the publishing houses that have been officially authorized
by the State. No non-publishing units or individuals may undertake
publication in co-operation with foreign countries. Without the
permission of the original publishing houses, no publishing houses may co-
operate with foreign parties in publishing books or journals published by
other publishing houses. A publishing house that intends to co-operate
with a foreign party in publishing a manuscript shall solicit in advance
the permission of the author or the original editing unit.
7. A publishing house may negotiate co-operative publication business
directly with a foreign party or may entrust a specialized company that
has been authorized by the State to handle co-operative publication
business with foreign countries or entrust a reliable foreign agency with
the negotiation.
8. Foreign units that are to co-operate with China in publication business
shall be those which are friendly to China and have reliable credit and
financial resources. It is imperative not to sign contracts with foreign
businessmen whose standing is not clear.
9. In order to specify the rights and obligations of both parties, a
contract prescribing a time limit shall be signed. As to the ownership of
the copyright, the transfer by one party to the other the right of
publication and distribution and other rights or the permission by one
party to the other of the use of these rights, as well as the amount of
remuneration, the mode and time of payment thereof shall be stipulated
item by item in the contract. With respect to manuscripts and pictures
that are provided by the Chinese party, without the consent of the Chinese
party, the other party may not transfer the copyright, or extend the use
thereof, or extend the areas where they shall be distributed.
10. In determining projects of co-operative publication with foreign
countries, the following formalities of examination and approval shall,
depending on the different circumstances, be carried out respectively:
With respect to publications that have been published domestically,
publishing houses at the central level may make their own decisions and
report the projects to the higher competent authority for the record,
whereas publishing houses in the localities shall submit their project
proposals to the publication bureaus of the provinces, municipalities
directly under the Central Government or autonomous regions for
examination and approval.
With respect to publications that have not come off the press
domestically, publishing houses at the central level shall submit their
project proposals to the higher competent authority for examination and
approval, and publishing houses in the localities shall submit their
project proposals to the people's governments of the provinces,
municipalities directly under the Central Government or autonomous regions
for examination and approval. With respect to a project of co-operative
publication of full-length book series whose contents have a nation-wide
bearing, consent of the State Bureau of Publication shall have to be
solicited in advance.
With respect to manuscripts whose contents involve the major principles of
the Party and the State and China's foreign policy and to works by, or
biographies of, the leaders of the Party and the State, the project
proposals shall, after being counter-signed by the State Bureau of
Publication, be submitted to the State Council for examination and
approval.
The taking of photographs of important cultural relics and other rare,
precious objects and the use of such photographs, and the publication of
maps that involve boundary lines of China shall be handled in strict
accordance with the pertinent provisions of the State.
With respect to a publication project of co-operation with a foreign
party, the report submitted requesting the examination and approval of the
project proposal, copies of the contract (or agreement) both in Chinese
and in the foreign language concerned and the sample version of the item
to be published shall be submitted to the State Bureau of Publication for
the record.
11. With respect to trips abroad and back to China by professional
personnel needed in effecting publication in co-operation with foreign
countries, the competent departments shall simplify the examining and
approving formalities and provide convenience so as to facilitate the
smooth implementation of the contract.
12. For books and journals published cooperatively, remuneration shall be
paid to the authors on the merits of each case and in accordance with the
existing domestic system of remuneration.
For manuscripts that are published for the first time, the remuneration
may be slightly higher than the domestic rates.
If a manuscript that has been published domestically is used, appropriate
fees may as well be paid, which shall in general not exceed 60 percent of
the original remuneration. If works of foreign authors are used, the
remuneration may be slightly higher than that which would be paid to
domestic authors.
The aforesaid remunerations shall be paid in Renminbi. The few really
special cases that require payment in foreign exchange, the payment shall,
upon approval by the higher competent departments, be made out of the
foreign exchange that the units concerned have obtained.
13. In the work of publication in co-operation with foreign countries, it
is imperative for various publishing houses to display the socialist style
of co-operation among themselves, keep each other well informed, and work
in co-ordination when dealing with foreign countries. Differences and
contradictions, should they arise, shall be settled through consultations
among themselves or mediation by higher authorities.
14. In dealings with foreign countries, it is imperative to strictly abide
by the disciplines related to foreign affairs and uphold our national
dignity and state prestige.
