民政部关于在全国推进城市社区建设的意见
民政部
民政部关于在全国推进城市社区建设的意见
民政部
中办发(2000)23号
社区是指聚居在一定地域范围内的人们所组成的社会生活共同体。目前城市社区的范围，一般是指经过社区体制改革后作了规模调整的居民委员会辖区。社区建设是指在党和政府的领导下，依靠社区力量，利用社区资源，强化社区功能，解决社区问题，促进社区政治、经济、文化、环境协调和健康发展，不断提高社区成员生活水平和生活质量的过程。社区建设是一项新的工作，大力推进社区建设，是我国城市经济和社会发展到一定阶段的必然要求，是面向新世纪我国城市现代化建设的重要途径。1999年底，我国有667个城市，749个市辖区，5904个街道办事处，11．5万个居民委员会。随着改革开放的不断深入，特别是社会主义市场经济体制的初步确立，包括街道办事处、居民委员会在内的城市基层社会结构面临改革和调整的任务，社区的地位和作用显得十分重要，社区建设的要求非常迫切。因此，很有必要在总结26个城市社区建设实验区一年多来试点经验的基础上，在全国范围内积极推进城市社区建设。为了做好这项工作，现提出以下意见。
一、充分认识推进城市社区建设的重大意义
（一）推进城市社区建设，是改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的迫切要求。在新的形势下，社会成员固定地从属于一定社会组织的管理体制已被打破，大量“单位人”转为“社会人”，同时大量农村人口涌入城市，社会流动人口增加，加上教育、管理工作存在一些薄弱环节，致使城市社会人口的管理相对滞后，迫切需要建立一种新的社区式管理模式。随着我国城市数量的不断增加和城市化进程的加快，基础设施日趋完善，现有城市的管理和服务不相配套，尤其是城市基层社会管理比较薄弱，大力加强和完善城市管理水平。提高居民素质和文明程度显得十分紧迫。随着国有企业深化改革、转换经营机制和政府机构改革、转变职能，企业剥离的社会职能和政府转移出来的服务职能，大部分要由城市社区来承接。建立一个独立于企业事业单位之外的社会保障体系和社会化服务网络，也需要城市社区发挥作用。同时，随着人民群众生活水平的不断提高和住房、医疗、养老、就业等各项制度改革的深入，城市居民与所在社区的关系愈来愈密切。他们不仅关注社区的发展，参与社区的活动，而且对社区的服务和管理、居住环境、文化娱乐、医疗卫生等方面提出多层次、多样化的要求。推动社区建设，拓展社区服务，提高生活质量，已成为广大城市居民的迫切要求。
（二）推进城市社区建设，是繁荣基层文化生活，加强社会主义精神文明建设的有效措施。改革开放以来，特别是党的十四届六中全会以来，以社区建设为载体，活跃基层文化生活和加强社会主义精神文明建设的工作呈现出扎实推进、持续发展的良好态势。随着创建文明社区活动的深入开展，社区面貌明显改观，社区风气逐步好转，文明楼院、文明小区数量不断增多，对促进改革、发展、稳定发挥了积极作用。实践证明，大力开展社区教育，引导居民爱祖国、爱城市、爱社区，可以形成崇尚先进、团结互助、扶正祛邪、积极向上的社区道德风尚；经常组织具有社区特色的群众性文体活动，丰富居民精神文化生活，可以增强社区的凝聚力，形成科学文明健康的生活方式；紧紧抓住社区居民关心的热点、难点问题，有针对性地开展思想政治工作，并坚持把解决思想问题同解决实际问题结合起来，加强社区服务与管理，可以进一步密切党同人民群众的联系，广强调动社区居民“讲文明树新风、共建美好家园”的积极性。
（三）推进城市社区建设，是巩固城市基层政权和加强社会主义民主政治建设的重要途径。长期以来，受计划经济体制的影响，城市居民委员会不同程度存在行政化管理的现象，居民参与社区建设的程度还不太高。随着改革的深化和居民对社区事务的日益关注，城市居民委员会原有的管理方式很难适应形势发展的需要。面对流动人口、下岗职工、老龄工作、社会治安、计划生育等各种问题，城市居民委员会在管理和服务上力不从心，存在着责权利不统一、职责任务不明确、管辖范围过小、人员老化、工作条件差等问题。推进社区建设，发挥社区居民自治组织的作用，保证社区居民依法管理自己的事情，是解决上述问题的有效办法。
二、明确城市社区建设的指导思想、基本原则和主要目标
城市社区建设的指导思想是：以邓小平理论和江泽民同志关于“三个代表”的重要思想为指导，认真贯彻落实党的十五大精神，从我国基本国情出发，改革城市基层管理体制，强化社区功能，巩固党在城市工作的组织基础和群众基础，加强城市基层的政权和群众性自治组织建设，提高人民群众的生活质量和文明程序，扩大基层民主，密切党群关系，维护社会政治稳定，促进城市经济和社会的协调发展。
城市社区建设的基本原则是：（1）以人为本、服务居民。坚持以不断满足社区居民的社会需求，提高居民生活质量和文明程序为宗旨，把服务社区居民作为社区建设的根本出发点和归宿。（2）资源共享、共驻共建。充分调动社区内机关、团体、部队、企业事业组织等一切力量广泛参与社区建设，最大限度地实现社区资源的共有、共享，营造共驻社区、共建社区的良好氛围。（3）责权统一、管理有序。改革城市基层社会管理体制，建立健全社区组织，明确社区组织的职责和权利，改进社区的管理与服务，寓管理于服务之中，增强社区的凝聚力。（4）扩大民主、居民自治。坚持按地域性、认同感等社区构成要素科学合理地划分社区；在社区内实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督，逐步实现社区居民自我管理、自我教育、自我服务、自我监督。（5）因地制宜、循序渐进。坚持实事求是，一切从实际出发，突出地方特色，从居民群众迫切要求解决和热切关注的问题入手，有计划、有步骤地实现社区建设的发展目标。
今后五到十年城市社区建设的主要目标是：（1）适应城市现代化的要求，加强社区党的组织和社区居民自治组织建设，建立起以地域性为特征、以认同感为纽带的新型社区，构建新的社区组织体系。（2）以拓展社区服务为龙头，不断丰富社区建设的内容，增加服务的发展项目，促进社区服务网络化和产业化，努力提高居民生活质量，不断满足人民群众日益增长的物质文化需求。（3）加强社区管理，理顺社区关系，完善社区功能，改革城市基层管理体制，建立与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的社区管理体制和运行机制。（4）坚持政府指导和社会共同参与相结合，充分发挥社区力量，合理配置社区资源，大力发展社区事业，不断提高居民的素质和整个社区的文明程序，努力建设管理有序、服务完善、环境优美、治安良好、生活便利、人际关系和谐的新型现代化社区。
三、促进城市社区建设各项工作的开展
（一）拓展社区服务。在大中城市，要重点抓好城区、街道办事处社区服务中心和社区居委会社区服务站的建设与管理。社区服务主要是开展面向老年人、儿童、残疾人、社会贫困户、优抚对象的社会救助和福利服务，面向社区居民的便民利民服务，面向社区单位的社会化服务，面向下岗职工的再就业服务和社会保障社会化服务。社区服务是社区建设重点发展的项目，具有广阔的前景，要坚持社会化、产业化的发展方向。各地区要继续贯彻落实国家对发展社区服务的各项扶持政策，统筹规划，规范行业管理。要不断提高社区服务质量和社区管理水平，使社区服务在改善居民生活、扩大就业机会、建立社会保障社会化服务体系、大力发展服务业等方面发挥更加积极的作用。
（二）发展社区卫生。要把城市卫生工作的重点放到社区，积极发展社区卫生。加强社区卫生服务站点的建设，积极开展以疾病预防、医疗、保健、康复、健康教育和计划生育技术服务等为主要内容的社区卫生服务，方便群众就医，不断改善社区居民的卫生条件。
（三）繁荣社区文化。积极发展社区文化事业，加强思想文化阵地建设，不断完善公益性群众文化设施。要充分利用街道文化站、社区服务活动室、社区广场等现有文化活动设施，组织开展丰富多彩、健康有益的文化、体育、科普、教育、娱乐等活动；利用社区内的各种专栏、板报宣传社会主义精神文明，倡导科学文明健康的生活方式；加强对社区成员的社会主义教育、政治思想教育和科学文化教育，形成健康向上、文明和谐的社区文化氛围。
（四）美化社区环境。要大力整治社区环境，净化、绿化、美化社区。要提高社区居民的环境保护意识，赋予社区居民对社区环境的知情权。要努力搞好社区环境卫生，建设干净、整洁的美好社区。
（五）加强社区治安。建设社会治安综合治理网络，有条件的地方，要根据社区规模的调整，按照“一区（社区）一警”的模式调整民警责任区，设立社区警务室，健全社会治安防范体系，实行群防群治；组织开展经常性、群众性的法制教育和法律咨询、民事调解工作，加强对刑满释放、解除劳教人员的安置帮教工作和流动人口的管理，消除各种社会不稳定因素。
（六）因地制宜地确定城市社区建设发展的内容。各地区在推进城市社区建设的过程中，应根据本地经济和社会发展的水平与现有工作基础，从实际出发，分类指导，从基础工作做起，标准由低到高，项目由少到多，不断丰富内容，力戒形式主义。
四、加强城市社区组织和队伍建设
（一）加强社区党组织建设。要按照《中国共产党章程》的有关规定，结合社区党员的分布情况，及时建立健全社区党的组织，开展党的工作。社区党组织是社区组织的领导核心，在街道党组织的领导下开展工作。其主要职责是：宣传贯彻党的路线、方针、政策和国家的法律，团结、组织党支部成员和居民群众完成本社区所担负的各项任务；支持和保证社区居民委员会依法自治，履行职责；加强党组织的自身建设，做好思想政治工作，发挥党员在社区建设中的先锋模范作用。
（二）加强社区居民自治组织建设。加强社区居民自治组织建设的前提是科学合理地划分社区。要以改革创新精神，按照便于服务管理、便于开发社区资源、便于社区居民自治的原则，并考虑地域性、认同感等社区构成要素，对原有街道办事处、居民委员会所辖区域作适当调整，以调整后的居民委员会辖区作为社区地域，并冠名社区。在此基础上，建立社区居民自治组织。社区居民委员会的成员经民主选举产生，负责社区日常事务的管理。社区居民委员会的根本性质是党领导下的社区居民实行自我管理、自我教育、自我服务、自我监督的群众性自治组织。
（三）逐步建立社区工作者队伍。社区建设需要大批专业的社区工作者。要采取向社会公开招聘、民主选举、竞争上岗等办法，选聘社区居委会干部，努力建设一支专业化、高素质的社区工作者队伍，尤其要从下岗职工和大中专毕业生中选聘政治素质好、文化程度高、工作能力强、热爱社区工作的优秀人才，经过法定程序，充实到社区工作者队伍中去。要切实改善社区党的组织和居民自治组织的工作条件和社区工作人员的生活条件；积极发展志愿者队伍；广泛动员社会力量参与社区建设。
五、制定规划，加强领导，形成推进城市社区建设的整体合力
（一）城市社区建设应纳入当地国民经济与社会发展计划。第十个五年计划期间，各地区要根据国家以及地方政府的经济和社会的发展规划，在进行深入细致的社区调查、摸清底数、科学论证的基础上，制定城市社区建设五年规划和年底实施计划。制定规划要立足于长远，具有前瞻性；实施计划要着眼于现实，注重可操作性。要指导和帮助城市街道办事处、社区居委会做好社区发展规划，保证社区建设的发展有计划、有步骤的进行。
（二）各级党委和政府要高度重视社区建设。在推进社区建设的工作中，党政主要领导要亲自过问，经常给予指导，分管领导要切实负起责任，将工作落到实处。尤其是城市和城区的党委、政府，要切实加强对社区建设工作的领导，把社区建设工作摆上重要议事日程，帮助解决推进社区建设中的困难和问题。各级民政部门要在同级党委和政府的领导下，积极发挥职能作用，当好参谋助手，主动地履行职责，把社区建设作为城市民政工作的主要依托，作为今后五年城市民政工作的重点积极推进。要在总结试点经验的基础上，开展社区建设示范活动。社区建设涉及方方面面，在党委、政府的领导下，各有关部门和单位要各司其职、各负其责，相互配合支持，按照各自的职能共同做好工作。要充分发挥工会、共青团、妇联、残联以及老龄等组织在推进社区建设中的重要作用，努力形成党委和政府领导、民政部门牵头、有关部门配合、社区居委会主办、社会力量支持、群众广泛参与的推进社区建设的整体合力。
2000年11月19日
REGULATIONS ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE ——附加英文版
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
REGULATIONS ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE
(Approved for implementation at the 15th Meeting of the Standing
Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress on August 26, 1980)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Registration and Operation
Chapter III Preferential Treatment
Chapter IV Labour Management
Chapter V Administrative Organization
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
In order to develop economic cooperation and technical exchanges with
foreign countries and to promote the socialist modernization programme,
certain areas shall be delineated respectively in the three cities of
Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province for the establishment
of special economic zones (hereinafter referred to as "special zones").
The special zones shall encourage foreign citizens, overseas Chinese,
compatriots from Hongkong and Macao and their companies and enterprises
(hereinafter referred to as "investors") to open factories and set up
enterprises and other establishments with their own investment or in joint
ventures with our side, and shall protect their assets, the profits due
them and their other lawful rights and interests in accordance with the
law.
Article 2
Enterprises and individuals in the special zones must abide by the laws,
decrees and pertinent provisions of the People's Republic of China. Where
there are specific provisions in these Regulations, they shall be observed
accordingly.
Article 3
A Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special
Economic Zones shall be set up to exercise unified administration of the
special zones on behalf of the Guangdong Provincial People's Government.
Article 4
The special zones shall provide investors with a wide scope of operation,
create favourable operating conditions and guarantee them stable business
sites. Investors may establish, with their own investment or in joint
ventures with our side, all projects that have positive significance for
international economic cooperation and technical exchanges, including
industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, aquaculture, tourism, housing and
construction, and research and manufacture involving high technology, as
well as other businesses of common interest to investors and to our side.
Article 5
Land-levelling projects and various public works in the special zones such
as water supply, drainage, power supply, roads, wharves, communications
and warehouses shall be undertaken by the Guangdong Provincial Committee
for the Administration of Special Economic Zones. When necessary, foreign
investment may be used in building these projects.
Article 6
Each of the special zones shall invite Chinese and foreign specialists and
relevant personages who are enthusiastic about China's modernization
programme to form an advisory committee that will serve as a consultative
body for that special zone.
Chapter II Registration and Operation
Article 7
Investors wishing to open factories or set up various economic
undertakings in the special zones with their own investment shall apply to
the Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special
Economic Zones, which shall issue them registration certificates and land
use certificates after examination and approval.
Article 8
Investors may open accounts and conduct their foreign exchange
transactions with the Bank of China established in the special zones or
with other banks established there with the approval of the Chinese side.
Investors may take out various kinds of insurance policies at the People's
Insurance Company of China in the special zones or at other insurance
companies established there with the approval of the Chinese side.
Article 9
Products of the enterprises in the special zones shall be sold on the
international market. If their products are to be sold in the interior of
China, they must have the approval of the Guangdong Provincial Committee
for the Administration of Special Economic Zones and go through the
procedures for paying customs duties.
Article 10
Investors may operate their enterprises independently in the special zones
and employ foreign personnel for technical and managerial work.
Article 11
If an enterprise established by an investor in the special zones wishes to
terminate operations before its scheduled expiration, it shall report the
reasons to the Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of
Special Economic Zones, go through termination procedures and settle
claims and debts. After termination of operations, its assets may be
assigned and its funds may be remitted out of China.
Chapter III Preferential Treatment
Article 12
Land in the special zones is owned by the People's Republic of China. The
land to be used by investors shall be provided according to actual needs,
and preferential treatment shall be given with respect to the duration of
its use, the amount of the use fee and the method of payment according to
the different types of business and uses. Provisions for specific
measures shall be made separately.
Article 13
The machinery and equipment, spare parts, raw and semi-processed
materials, means of transportation and other capital goods necessary for
production that are imported by enterprises in the special zones shall be
exempted from import duties. The necessary consumer goods may either be
subjected to import duties or allowed a reduction or exemption therefrom,
depending on the specific situation of each case. When the above-mentioned
goods are imported or products of the special zones are exported, a
customs declaration shall be filed.
Article 14
The enterprise income tax rate in the special zones is 15 percent. Special
preferential treatment shall be given to enterprises established within
two years of the promulgation of these Regulations, to enterprises with an
investment US$ 5 million or more, and to enterprises involving higher
technology or having a longer period of capital turnover.
Article 15
The lawful profit that an investor receives after payment of the
enterprise income tax, and the wages and salaries and other legitimate
earnings that foreign, overseas Chinese and Hongkong and Macao workers and
staff members of an enterprise in the special zones receive after payment
of the individual income tax, may be remitted abroad through the Bank of
China or other banks in the special zones, in accordance with the
provisions of the foreign exchange control measures of the special zones.
Article 16
An investor that reinvests its share of the profit in the special zones
for a period of five years or longer may apply for a reduction of or an
exemption from income tax on the reinvested portion.
Article 17
Enterprises in the special zones shall be encouraged to use machinery and
equipment, raw and semi-processed materials and other materials produced
in China, and preferential prices shall be offered on the basis of China's
current export prices for the same kinds of commodities, using foreign
exchange to settle accounts. These products and materials may be shipped
directly to the special zones with the sales vouchers of the selling
units.
Article 18
Entry and exit procedures shall be simplified and conveniences given to
the foreign personnel, overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hongkong and
Macao entering and leaving the special zones.
Chapter IV Labour Management
Article 19
A labour service company shall be set up in each of the special zones.
Chinese staff members and workers to be employed by enterprises in the
special zones, whether they are recommended by the local labour service
companies or recruited by the investors themselves with the consent of the
Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special Economic
Zones, shall all be tested by the enterprises before employment and labour
contracts shall be signed with the staff members and workers.
Article 20
The staff members and workers employed by enterprises in the special zones
shall be managed by the enterprises according to their business
requirements and, when necessary, may be dismissed, after going through
the procedures provided in the labour contracts. Staff members and
workers of the enterprises in the special zones may submit their
resignations to the enterprises in accordance with the provisions of the
labour contracts.
Article 21
The wage levels, types of wages, award measures and the labour insurance
and various state subsidies for the Chinese staff members and workers of
the enterprises in the special zones shall be included in the contracts
signed by the enterprises with the staff members and workers as stipulated
by the Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special
Economic Zones.
Article 22
Enterprises in the special zones shall adopt the necessary measures for
labour protection to ensure that staff members and workers work in safe
and hygienic conditions.
Chapter V Administrative Organization
Article 23
The Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special
Economic Zones shall exercise the following functions and powers:
(1) to draw up development plans for the special zones and organize their
implementation;
(2) to examine and approve the investment projects of investors in the
special zones;
(3) to handle registration of industrial and commercial enterprises and
land allotment in the special zones;
(4) to coordinate working relations among the banking, insurance,
taxation, Customs, frontier inspection, postal and telecommunications and
other organizations in the special zones;
(5) to provide the staff members and workers needed by enterprises in the
special zones and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the staff
members and workers;
(6) to establish educational, cultural, health and various public welfare
institutions in the special zones; and
(7) to maintain law and order in the special zones and protect, in
accordance with the law, the persons and property in the special zones
against encroachment.
Article 24
The Shenzhen Special Zone shall be under the direct management and
administration of the Guangdong Provincial Committee for the
Administration of Special Economic Zones. Necessary offices shall be set
up in the Zhuhai and Shantou Special Zones.
Article 25
A Guangdong Provincial Special Economic Zones Development Company shall be
set up to suit the expanding economic activities in the special zones. Its
scope of business shall include: undertaking to raise funds and handle
trust investment business; operating, or jointing with investors in
operating, relevant enterprises in the special zones; acting as agent for
investors in the special zones in transactions relating to sales and
purchases in trade with the interior; and providing services for business
talks.
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 26
These Regulations shall go into effect after they have been adopted by the
People's Congress of Guangdong Province and submitted to and approved by
the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's
Republic of China.
Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
